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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the influence of the thickness of mixed cardboard on the compressive strength of glass ionomer cement and the associated factors.@*METHODS@#Three different types of glass ionomer cements were mixed on the top of 60, 40, 20 and 1 pieces of paper (P60, P40, P20 and P1), respectively. The compressive strength of the materials was tested after solidification, and the bubble rate was calculated with the assistance of scanning electron microscope.@*RESULTS@#(1) Compressive strength: ① ChemFil Superior glass ionomer (CF): The average compressive strength of P1 group was the highest, which was significantly different from that of P40 and P60 groups (P values were 0.041 and 0.032 respectively); ② To Fuji IX GP glass ionomer (IX): The average compressive strength of P1 group was the highest, which was statistically different from that of P40 and P60 groups (P values were 0.042 and 0.038 respectively); ③ Glaslonomer FX-Ⅱ glass ionomer cement (FX): The average compressive strength of P1 group was the highest, which was statistically different from that of P20, P40 and P60 groups (P values were 0.031, 0.040 and 0.041 respectively), but there was no statistical difference among the other groups. All the three materials showed that the compressive strength of glass ions gradually increased with the decrease of the thickness of the blended paperboard, and the two materials had a highly linear negative correlation, the correlation coefficients of which were CF-0.927, IX-0.989, FX-0.892, respectively. (2) Scanning electron microscope: P1 group had the least bubbles among the three materials.@*CONCLUSION@#It indicates that the thickness of mixed cardboard has a negative correlation with the compressive strength of glass ions. The thicker the mixed cardboard is, the greater the elasticity is. Excessive elasticity will accelerate the mixing speed when the grinding glass ions. Studies have shown that the faster the speed of artificial mixing is, the more bubbles is produced.The thicker ther mixed cardboard is, the more bubblesn are generated by glass ionomer cement, and the higher the compressive strength is. Using one piece of paper board to mix glass ionomer cement has the least bubbles and can obtain higher compressive strength.
Subject(s)
Compressive Strength , Materials Testing , Glass Ionomer Cements , Silicon DioxideABSTRACT
The tumor incidence goes up with every passing year. Chemotherapy， as one of the main treatment methods， is faced with a major challenge of drug resistance in clinical practice. Tumor-associated macrophages （TAMs） are the key factors inducing chemotherapy resistance of tumors. TAMs are inflammatory cells with the largest number in the tumor microenvironment， which are widely distributed in such epithelial tissues as large intestine and stomach in the immune environment and closely associated with multiple common cancers like breast cancer and colorectal cancer. TAMs can be divided into two phenotypes， with M2-polarized TAMs into the tumor-promoting phenotype that affects the oncogenesis and progression and promotes drug resistance via immune escape， angiogenesis and other ways. At the same time， the frequently utilized chemotherapeutic agents will increase the recruitment of TAMs and trigger the secretion of cytokines， leading to the excessive polarization of macrophages to M2 type， followed by tumor drug resistance. The molecular mechanism of chemotherapy resistance is complex， which is becoming an urgent problem in the field of chemotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has exhibited unique advantages in resisting tumor drug resistance. It has been proved efficient and safe in improving tumor microenvironment and regulating TAMs by acting on multiple targets via multiple ways， thus adjusting tumor progression and improving drug resistance. Based on related articles published in recent years， this paper reviewed the drug resistance-promoting effect of TAMs via regulating the immune microenvironment and interacting with tumor stem cells and the driving effect of chemotherapeutic agents on drug resistance to figure out the role of TAMs in chemotherapy resistance. Besides， it summarized the mechanisms of TCM in regulating related cytokines， proteins， activity， and the polarization direction of TAMs to expound the effective components of TCM in the intervention of drug resistance. The aim of this paper was to provide reference for further research on the biological mechanism of chemotherapy resistance and its targeted intervention with TCM.
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Objective::To investigate the effect of Shenqi Fuzheng injection on the sensitivity of cisplatin through immunomodulation, in order to explore its mechanisms. Method::The cell survival was measured by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), the rate of apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins were detected by Western blot, and the expression level of cytokines was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result::Shenqi Fuzheng injection 1, 10, 100 mL·L-1 significantly inhibited the growth of co-cultured cells, and the cell survival rate was 71.8%and 59.9%at the concentration of 10, 100 mL·L-1 respectively.Shenqi Fuzheng injection 10 mL·L-1 combined with cisplatin significantly increased the sensitivity of co-cultured cells to cisplatin.The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cisplatin was reduced from 30 to 15 μmol·L-1.The rate of apoptosis induced by the combined treatment increased by 15.5%compared with that of cisplatin 15 μmol·L-1 (P<0.05). The expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B-cell lymphoma-w (Bcl-w) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) were inhibited, and the expressions of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and protein induced by BH3 domain (Bid) apoptosis were increased (P<0.05). Shenqi Fuzheng injection reduced the release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by cisplatin (P<0.05). Conclusion::Shenqi Fuzheng injection improves the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 to cisplatin by regulating immune cells, and plays a synergistic role in inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells.This study provides experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of tumors with Yiqi Fuzheng method, and experimental reference for the study of traditional Chinese medicine in alleviating drug resistance of tumors.
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OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the influence of different mixing pads on the physical and mechanical properties of glass ionomer cement.@*METHODS@#Three different glass ionomer base cements were mixed with a plastic spatula on three different mixing pads including paper pad, glass pad and silicon pad whose HS were 40, 60 and 80. The GIC was packed into stainless steel molds to get specimens. Surface roughness, surface hardness and compressive strength were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#As for compressive strength, CF: There was the highest mean compressive strength that was significantly higher than those of silicon pad 60 group, paper 60 group and paper 20 group in silicon pad 40 group, the differences P values were 0.002, 0.027, and 0.036, statistically significant difference between the above groups (P<0.05). IX: there was the highest mean compressive strength that was significantly higher than those of silicon pad 60 group in paper pad 20 group,the differences P value was 0.008, statistically significant (P<0.05). FX: there was the highest mean compressive strength that was no significantly higher than those of paper pad 20 group in silicon pad 40 group, but was significantly higher than those of the other groups. As for surface hardness, CF: there was the highest mean surface hardness that was significantly higher than those of silicon pad 60 and 80 group, paper 60 group in silicon pad 40 group, the differences P value was 0.021, 0.001, 0.032, 0.008 and 0.016, statistically significant difference between the above groups (P<0.05). IX and FX: there was no statistical significance between any two groups in surface hardness. As for surface roughness, CF: there was no statistical significance between any two groups in surface roughness. IX: there was the lowest mean surface roughness that was significantly lower than those of paper pad 40 and 60 group in glass pad group, the differences P values were 0.003 and 0.027, statistically significant difference between the above groups (P<0.05). FX: there was the lowest mean surface roughness that was significantly lower than those of paper pad 60 group in glass pad group, the differences P value was 0.018, showing a statistical difference (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Mixing glass ionomer cement on silicon pad 40 results in higher compressive strength and lower surface roughness, worthy of clinical popularization.
Subject(s)
Compressive Strength , Glass Ionomer Cements , Hardness , Materials Testing , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
A review was about the mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine and its compounds intervening breast cancer in recent years. Experimental results showed that Chinese herbal medicine and its compounds have the activity of anti-cancer, through inhibiting the growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells, restraining the metastasis, appearing the estrogen-like activity and improving multi-drug resistance, and so on.